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    What Causes Female Infertility?

    Common Reasons for Female Infertility

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    The causes affecting female infertility are linked closely to the female reproductive system. In general, female infertility is usually caused by increasing age, problems related with ovulation, endometriosis, structural abnormalities (in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and / or uterus), or hormonal imbalances.

    • Ovulation Disorders

      Ovulatory disorders can be due to underlying medical conditions (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary ovarian insufficiency, hyperprolactinaemia, hyperthyroidism), or can be acquired from lifestyle (e.g. excessive exercise with decreased caloric intake, high stress levels, cigarette smoking). These conditions can cause absence of an egg being released every cycle into the tubes, resulting in no opportunity for fertilisation and pregnancy to occur.

    • Endometriosis

      Endometriosis occurs when there is presence of endometrial tissue (the tissue lining the surface of the womb) growing outside of the uterus. This condition most commonly occurs in the pelvic organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, ligaments) but can also spread throughout the abdomen. Endometriosis can affect fertility by causing inflammation which results in adhesions or scarring in the ovaries and the fallopian tubes, or by distorting the pelvic anatomy due to its growth and size.

    • Damage to Fallopian Tubes (Tubal Infertility)

      Fallopian tubes are the two tubes located between the uterus and the ovaries that act as a passageway connecting the structures to one another. Some conditions that can block or damage fallopian tubes include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, previous pelvic or abdominal surgery, and previous history of ectopic pregnancy. You may read more on Fallopian Tube Damage and Blockage.

    • Uterine or Cervical Causes

      • Benign polyps or tumours (fibroids or myomas) that develop in the wall of the womb can distort or disrupt the uterus lining where a fertilised egg is supposed to implant. Depending on the location and size, they can also block the fallopian tube opening into the uterus which would prevent the sperm from reaching the egg, therefore affecting fertility.

      • Problems with the uterus structure that commonly presents from birth can also cause problems becoming or remaining pregnant.

      • Narrowing of the cervix, known as cervical stenosis, can also prevent sperm from reaching the egg, which can occur due to inherited conditions or previous injury to the cervix.